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Civic Dialogue / 公民對談

Democracy is based on a healthy civil society whose members are willing to engage themselves in the public process. This blog presents thoughts on public affairs and invites anyone interested to comment.

Tuesday, December 16, 2008

The role of a government

政府在經濟發展應扮演的角色
雷鼎鳴 - 香港科技大學經濟系教授
經濟學家絕少會是無政府主義,他們深信政府有恰如其分的角色要扮演,例如,假設社會中沒有執法人員保護產權,經濟不可能會發達。政府既有角色,便必須用錢,所以零支出的政府不可能最好。另一極端是政府控制了社會中所有資源,歷史經驗早已證明這會帶來經濟災難。那麼,最適當的政府規模應多大?———雷鼎鳴
獅子山學會賜飯,並要我講述「政府在經濟增長中應扮演的角色」。席中,意外地見到一些城中知名人士,但更感高興的,是認識了一批對經濟學有濃厚興趣的年輕知識分子。獅子山學會近年以「蘋果批」及其他報刊作根據地,色彩鮮明地捍衛自由經濟理念,在評論界中早已形成一股新興力量。以我觀察,這批年輕人多半不是經濟科班出身,但其經濟學根基出奇的紮實,沒有經過自修苦學,不會有此功力。他們將來的影響力不可限量。
在講座中,我提出過一個觀點,在評論政策時,支持自由經濟的芝加哥學派並不喜歡某些評論人常說的「某某政策不對,因為它違反了自由市場原則」。芝加哥學派的核心思想是其對方法學的重視,而這又包含了它把實證研究及經濟理論的高度解釋力放在關鍵地位上。張五常晚年為其學說寫封頂之作,書曰《經濟解釋》,解釋什麼?自然是真實世界的現象。芝加哥學派一般不願建議政策,但卻不介意評論別人提出的政策。評論必建基於有針對性的具體分析,並要探求實證支持,未有分析結果前,避免先用抽象概念套在問題之上。不過,因為這學派中人對市場力量及政府行為有深刻的認識,所以分析論證後的結論往往是反對政府干預。在他們心中,結論是次要的,論證的嚴密性才是其最關注的。若沒有論證過程,便很易陷入一些胡亂相信政府力量的人士所常掉進的教條主義陷阱。
為什麼大政府對經濟不妙「政府角色」本來是一項務虛的理念問題,但因為經濟學中早已積累了大量有關的理論與實證,所以我也樂意介紹。政府應有所為有所不為,後者需要更大的智慧,因此我先作討論。曾特首說港府開支(應是公共開支)要限制在GDP的20%以下,便符合「大市場,小政府」原則。政府第一不應做的便是搞大政府,這點曾特首沒有錯。我們先不爭論20%是否早已過高,但卻要搞清楚為什麼大政府對經濟不妙。經濟學家絕少會是無政府主義,他們深信政府有恰如其分的角色要扮演,例如,假設社會沒有執法人員保護產權,經濟不可能會發達。政府既有角色,便必須用錢,所以零支出的政府不可能最好。另一極端是政府控制了社會中所有資源,歷史經驗早已證明這會帶來經濟災難。那麼,最適當的政府規模應多大?這問題因各國國情有別,不好回答,但哈佛的巴羅 (RobertBarro)十多年前的實證結果卻顯示,在當今世界中政府用錢愈多,經濟的長期增長率便愈低。這結果可理解為現在各國的政府都已經是過大了。限制其規模,對經濟增長大有好處。
大政府不利經濟的原因很多,這裏只說一點。政府掌控資源愈多,愈有可能把自己變為一塊肥肉,吸引各方利益團體跑來分一杯羹。肥肉如何分配,往往取決於利益團體各自投入了多少資源來搶奪,而不是基於有效率的資源配置。團體間的搶奪也會造成內耗,不利經濟。
開支小不代表小政府有反對者可以說,北歐國家政府用度驚人,但它們仍有很好的競爭力。我的一位新同事許成鋼教授,長期在倫敦政經學院執教,對歐洲經濟有深入研究。他告訴我,這些北歐國家有一樣極重要優點,就是對企業的管制十分寬鬆,而且人民教育水準極高,生產力遠超香港。在這些條件下,北歐的企業很懂得做生意,能夠賺錢,但因為稅率奇高,出不了多少富豪,經濟增長也平平無奇。不搞大政府雖是香港經濟成功的要素之一,但政府大小卻不一定只以開支來衡量。例如,政府可把土地廉價售予某企業,在帳面上,政府沒有開支,反有賣地收入,但明顯地,這並非「小政府」所應為。上述例子觸及政府對某些企業時會提供補貼。這是不少國家都有採用的所謂「工業政策」,亦即由政府判斷,哪種行業最有前景,然後付出資源補貼,試圖加快這些行業的發展。「工業政策」在理論及實證上都站不住腳。它的背後,是假設了政府比市場掌握更準確的資訊,所以判斷較準。但實情真是這樣嗎?
資訊在市場中是一種極有價值的商品,企業要賺錢會知道必須付出代價取得有用的資訊並判斷其真偽。資訊涉及企業的生死存亡,它們有足夠的誘因小心對待。政府在這方面遠遠不及,最易受騙。1998年我做了一項顧問研究報告,分析台灣的工業政策,其中一項發現是台灣工業補貼的最大得益者,並不是其引以為傲的電子工業,而是紡織業等夕陽工業。其原因十分簡單,負責分配津貼的委員會雖是由一些所謂專家學者所組成,似乎資訊充足,但既然這些委員會掌控資源,必屬兵家必爭之地,不同的利益團體有需要把自己的代言人安插在內。夕陽工業存在既久,勢力也大,它們在資源爭奪中能擊敗電子工業毫不為奇。事實上,台灣電子工業的發展,另有因由,篇幅所限,不贅。
香港自己也有著名的工業政策,迪士尼及數碼港便是突出例子。當年政府對這兩個項目提供或明或暗的補貼時,也曾雄辯滔滔,並提出了一大堆數字。我與不少評論員當時便對這些「論據」不以為然,但政府自以為掌握資訊,一意孤行,我們倒也無奈何。最近翻閱當年有關的官方論據,印象最深的是,事後證明,政府閉門造車弄出來的材料與事實差別竟是這麼大。我懷疑這倒非政府的分析員水平不夠,而是游說政府的利益集團功力非凡,在甜言蜜語構造出的宏圖大計下,政府遠比企業中人更易中招。
在商業發展方面,政府掌握的資訊並不可靠,那麼企業取得的資訊又如何?自由市場的優越性正正在於它所要求的資訊較低。企業決定增產或減產,不用懂得世界大事,只需知道市價是否夠賺錢便可。要判斷是否大舉進軍某一行業,可參考一些較願冒險的先行者是損手爛腳還是盤滿鉢滿。市場自身有發放有效信息的能力,這也是為什麼多項著名的研究都發現,不搞工業政策時期的香港,其生產效率的進步速度高於搞工業政策的國家(例如新加坡)。
宏觀調控?政府時會推行但其實對經濟不利的另一種政策,是宏觀穩定政策,中國近兩年所用的所謂「宏觀調控」是其中一個例子,穩定政策的目標是在經濟不景時用財政或貨幣政策刺激它,在「過熱」時冷卻它,但這有幾個問題:1.政策實施後,其效果通常很久後才出現,而政府一般也難以得悉什麼時候效果會突然浮現。這樣一來,擴張政策的效果往往要等到經濟需要冷卻的時候才姍姍來遲,穩定政策反而使經濟波幅更大。2.政府經常干預的話,人民會學懂「上有政策,下有對策」自我調節,趨吉避凶,政策的意圖效果,很易被人民的對策抵消掉,完全變了樣子。3.政府若突如其來,在人民沒有預期下推動某些政策,可能也會產生一定的效果,但人民被殺個措手不及,打亂了原本的計劃,這對經濟活動也沒有好處。
政府最好的宏觀政策,便是不要高估自己企圖調控經濟的能力,而是不管外邊風高浪急,我自巍然不動,採用可預期的穩定不變的政策。政府本身的穩定,正可減少一種不明朗因素。
政府到底應做什麼?以上說了一些政府不應該做的事。那麼,政府應做什麼?MIT有幾位經濟學家曾研究過去數百年來歐洲人建立殖民地時的策略。他們發現,若殖民地條件惡劣,不宜久留,殖民者便鮮會替這些地方引進什麼制度,他們搶掠後便可不顧而去。但若殖民地環境不錯,他們多會在此建設以保護私有產權為核心的法制,力求長治久安。這兩類殖民地後來的發展路向大異其趣,有良好法制的,發展遠為迅速。這點大可說明,政府最應做的,便是建設及保護優良的法制,而這些法制,又應是保護而不是阻礙自由市場的運作。在公用品(例如國防或治安)或有界外經濟效應的活動(例如污染),經濟學家都知道政府可以合理干預。但即使在這些項目,政府也應盡量利用市場力量。從前美國搞的是強制性的徵兵制,弄得天怒人怨,現在用僱傭兵,效果便好得多。
世界上成功減低廢物的城市,也多是利用市場誘因,而非靠行政指令。就算是海中燈塔此等經典的公用品,在真實世界中,大部分也不是政府提供,而是私人擁有,可見市場不易失靈。教育是用掉政府資源的重要項目。政府搞教育,因它性好作無謂管制,所以問題極多,港人對此知之甚詳。但教育是重要的幫助社會流動的途徑,而且對生產力進步有重要影響,所以政府出錢搞教育,利通常大於弊。較好的方法仍然是多利用市場,學券制正是上佳的政策。不過,政府在教育上喜歡多管閒事的本性竟又使香港政府在提出學券制時,畫蛇添足地不准學券用於牟利學校,理由是讓政府的錢使牟利機構得益不合理。我不知這是什麼邏輯?若貫徹這思維,拿綜援的家庭都應禁止到牟利的商店購物!政府敢不敢這樣做?有些事政府就算有合理的角色扮演,也應經常自我審視是否做得太多,管得太過火。

My articles on pulic policies

Sunday, September 21, 2008

明報網上民調結果顯示:華裔選票更能左右大局 (明報加西版)

This is an interesting move by Ming Pao in Vancouver. While the validity of the survey can be contested (because participation was voluntary), it was a first step in obtaining some understanding of the Chinese voters' views on the election. More work needs to be done - especially in scientifically validated fashion - to research about the political views of the Chinese voters, instead of simply relying on anecdotal accounts or party-based propaganda.

Thursday, December 27, 2007

A Dark Day for Pakistan














Benazair Bhutto's assassination represents a dark day in Pakistan. As the January election approaches, the purpose of this assassination is clear. Whoever the perpetrators are, their intention is to stop the election and Pakistan's road to democracy. In time, we may know the truth behind this, but for now, the world is watching as to what the Pakistani government will do to respond.

There is every reason to be afraid of rising internal conflicts in the country. No one would want to see an unstable Pakistan, one of the nuclear powers in this region, and we can only hope that at this time, the Pakistani people can come together and unite for the future of their country.

Find out more about Bhutto's assassination and Pakistan on CBC and CNN.


Monday, November 05, 2007

Global Conference on the Prevention of Genocide (McGill University, October 11 - 13, 2007)

The McGill University Centre for Human Rights and Legal Pluralism hosted the first major international conference of its kind on the prevention of genocide. From October 11th to 13th, 2007, in Montreal, Canada, The Global Conference on the Prevention of Genocide brought together from around the world survivors, witnesses, legislators, diplomats, activists and others whose lives have been forever changed by humanity’s most horrific invention. It represented the first major non-governmental conference on genocide since the United Nations, in 1948, first moved to label and criminalize what Winston Churchill once called “the crime that has no name.”

The Conference opened a dialogue between decision-makers and genocide survivors, between the leaders of this generation and those of the next, with the goal of exploring means of preventing genocidal violence, rather than focusing on ad hoc intervention.

The Conference was made possible by generous support from the Echenberg Family Foundation and is organized by the McGill Centre for Human Rights and Legal Pluralism and the McGill University Faculty of Law.

All proceedings can be viewed online at the Conference's official website.

A Special Documentary about Darfur on CBC.ca

You can watch "On Our Watch" - a special documentary about Darfur, Sudan - on CBC.ca.

To find out more about Darfur, go to Save Darfur Canada.

Saturday, October 27, 2007

Bordertown: A Flim about Violence Against Women

Amnesty International USA

Watch Bordertown and Take Action to End the Femicides in Mexico and Guatemala

Some films have the power to educate and prompt people to act. Amnesty International is proud to support Bordertown, starring Jennifer Lopez. This film tells the story of a reporter who is sent to Juarez, a city gripped with fear where hundreds of women have been brutally raped and murdered. Visit Amnesty's website and learn more about the film and find out how you can take action to end the killings of women in Mexico and Guatemala.

Here is a link to the Juarez Project if you want to find out more.
http://thejuarezproject.com/

Saturday, October 20, 2007

Pics from Darfur

You can find out more about Darfur's situation simply by googling with "Darfur Sudan".

Sunday, October 14, 2007

Having a voice - not just a vote - in democracy

Thursday, January 18, 2007

World on Fire - A song/video by Sarah McLachlan

The video for World On Fire opens with the claim of having cost $150,000, despite the ensuing low-quality footage of McLachlan in a plain room playing her guitar. The video continues to reveal it actually cost $15, then tracking (in animated and videotaped segments) how the remainder went to enriching lives all around the globe through charity donations.

It is one of McLachlan's most political songs, intended to graphically illustrate the impact that even relatively small individual donations might have on third-world poverty.

You can watch the video at http://www.worldonfire.ca/
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World On Fire

The worlds on fire its more then I can handle
Ill tap into the water try and bring my share
Try to bring more, more then I can handle
Bring it to the table
Bring what I am able

Hearts are worn in these dark ages
Youre not alone in these stories pages
The light has fallen amongst the living and the dying
And Ill try to hold it in
Yeah Ill try to hold it in

Chorus

I watch the heavens but I find no calling
Something I can do to change whats coming
Stay close to me while the skys falling
I dont wanna be left alone dont wanna be alone

Chorus

Hearts break hearts mend love still hurts
Visions clash planes crash still theres talk of
saving souls still colds closing in on us

We part the veil on our killer sun
Stray from the straight line on this short run
The more we take the less we become
The fortune of one man means less for some

Chorus

Tuesday, December 26, 2006

AM1470 Commentators' Events of the Year for 2006

In case you have not had the opportunity to tune in, here are the Events of the Year (2006) chosen by the commentators on AM1470.

What is your pick? Share it using the Comments feature.

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KK Wan: Defeat of the Liberals by the Conservatives
- it is important that we do not let one party stay in government for too long

Thomas Leung: Taiwan's presidential scandal
- despite democratic progress in Taiwan, there is much to be improved

Winnie Fong: Increase of crime and the importance of public safety
- the ordinary citizens feel most impacted by the lack of security in the society

Ronald Leung: Canadian identity and issue of "dual citizenship", sparked by the Lebanese incident
- who are Canadians and where does our loyalty lie?

Michael Yue: Time Magazine's Person of the Year - YOU
- a new civil society made possible by the new internet technologies, allowing ordinary citizens ("you") to express themselves and to connect with one another
- listen to my clip

Kenny Chiu: US mid-term elections and the victory of the Democrats in both houses
- significantly affecting the future policy directions of the Bush government, which can no longer dominate the houses

Nelson Tsui: Emerson's switch from the Liberals to the Conservatives
- a blow to our belief in democratic representation

Finella Sun: The Head Tax Redress campaign and its accomplishments
- consequence of the hard work of the Chinese community to ensure that the Canadian society remembers and will not make the same mistake again

Saturday, July 15, 2006

Middle East Crisis

The Middle East is again in crisis. The US, as usual, is backing up Israel, and this time, I suspect that Israel might have even been given the green light by the US before their military action. Now, Israel is calling Syria, Iran, Hamas and Hezbollah the "Axis of Terror", the language of the US in their war against terror. An open war seems eminent.

I believe that with US blessing, Israel is just using the kidnapping of their soldiers as an excuse to lauch the attack on Hezbollah. To what extent is the US behind the Israsli action is up to anyone's guess. I, for one, believe that the US is there every step of the time.

The Republicans are falling behind in public polls, and it seems that the Bush administration is taking a bold step of using a war to divert the American public's attention. What they have forgotten, though, is that the drop in support by the American public had everything to do with the mess they have created in Iraq.

History seems to repeat itself all the time. The suffering of innocent civilians is of no concern to the power-hungry politicians. Where should we stand in the brink of war?